1305 Clement V begins the separation from Rome 

1316 John XXII establishes a permanent abode at Avignon

1314 Death of Clement V

Dante and Petrarch condemn the residence in France

Petrarch's condemnation of the Avignon Popes exaggerated

Effect on Avignon of the great influx of strangers

1314 Rome in a state of desolation and anarchy

Financial difficulties at Avignon

Dante's indignation at the cupidity of the Popes

Conflict between the Empire and the Church .

Between the Friars Minor and John XXII

Subversive doctrines of Ocean, Marsiglio, and Jean de Jandun

New principles of civil and ecclesiastical government

The Pope and the Council subject to the civil power

The goods of the Church the property of the State

Exaggerated theories on behalf of the Church

Marsiglio the "precursor" of the Revolution 

1328 Deposition of the Pope and election of an Anti-Pope

Envenomed struggle between Church and State

1334 Death of John XXII and election of Benedict XII

1339 Erection of the Papal palace at Avignon

The Pope represses corruption and reforms the Religious Orders

1342 His death, and election of Clement VI

Death of Louis of Bavaria and triumph of the Pope

Revolt of Cola di Rienzo and its suppression

1348 Clement VI issued Bulls for the protection of the Jews

Extravagance during his pontificate

Resistance to the payment of taxes levied by the Pope

Duke Stephen of Bavaria forbids their collection

1352 Election of Innocent VI

His thorough reform of Church government

Cardinal Albornoz restores the Papal authority in Italy

1362 Death of Innocent VI and election of Urban V

1367 Urban V returns to Rome rejoicings of the people

Charles IV's pilgrimage to Rome - alliance between the Empire and the Church . . .

The Pope returns to Avignon 

1370 Urban V succeeded by Gregory XI

1375 Florence joins the revolt against the Holy See

The States of the Church in insurrection 

Consternation of Gregory XI

1376 He declares war against Florence 

St. Catherine of Siena endeavours to make peace

Sent by the Florentines to negotiate at Avignon 

Tries to bring about the return of the Pope to Rome

Insurrectionary movement in the Eternal City

1376 The Pope quits Avignon for Rome 

1377 After numerous delays he arrives there 

The Florentines foment fresh troubles in Rome

The Pope fails to suppress them

Wins over to his side the chief general of the Florentines

Florentine proposals of peace rejected by the Pope 

Renewed negotiations - Congress of Sarzana 

1378 Death of Gregory XI, the last of the French Popes .

Meeting of the Conclave - division among the Cardinals

The populace demand the election of a Roman

1378 (April 8th) The Cardinals unite and elect Urban VI

They publicly recognize the election—its canonical validity 

The Pope inspires the highest anticipations 

His character and the measures adopted by him 

His action violent and impolitic

St. Catherine of Siena pleads for moderation 

The Pope alienates the Cardinals and his political friends

The French Cardinals openly revolt and quit Rome 

1378 (August 9th) They assemble at Anagni and declare the election invalid 

They elect the Anti-Pope Clement VII

Commencement of the great Papal Schism

Conduct of the Cardinals inexcusable 

St. Catherine of Siena's condemnation of them 

Dependence of Clement VII on the French Court

He gives away the greater part of the States of the Church 

The support of Clement VII mainly political 

Efforts of the French King in his favour 

England espouses the cause of Urban VI

The northern kingdoms remain loyal to him 

Extreme and imprudent measures of the Pope

1381 He excommunicates the Queen of Naples

1383 He goes to Naples to assert his authority and is besieged

The Cardinals determine to seize his person 

He discovers their intention and puts them to death .

1389 Death of Urban VI - deplorable consequences of his reign 

Perplexity of the faithful 

The whole of Christendom affected by the Schism 

Reform in ecclesiastical affairs necessarily interrupted

The Schism prepared the way for the so-called Reformation 

The disunion affects even public worship 

The unity and concord of Christendom broken

Cause and origin of the Church's condition

Efforts to remedy the evils of the time 

Labours of Gerhard Groot and his community

Thomas a Kempis describes the "Brothers of the Common Life"

Their work in the amelioration of Catholic  life in Germany 

Growth of Sectarian Conventicles and false prophesies

The politico-religious prophecy of Telesphorus 

Pernicious principles contained in it

The widespread credence given to the prophesies

Grave crisis in the Church - rise of heretical movements

Spread of the Waldensian doctrines in Germany and Austria 

Subversive principles of the Sect of Free Thought 

Appearance of John Wyclif in England - his teaching.

His influence on John Huss, the Bohemian heresiarch.

Political consequences of these doctrines

Tend to produce anarchy in Church and State

1389 The Roman Cardinals elect a new Pope

Boniface IX succeeds Urban VI

1394 Death of Clement VII., and election of the Anti-Pope Benedict XIII

All attempts to heal the Schism are frustrated 

1404 Death of Boniface IX, and election of Innocent VII

Projects of Innocent VII for the revival of science and arts 

1406 Arrested by his death 

Adherents of the false Renaissance enter the Pope's  service 

The Humanists become the leaders of public opinion

The great influence which they exercised 

Classical proficiency leads to ecclesiastical preferment

Means suggested to terminate the Schism 

Decision of the University of Paris on the subject .

Communications between the rival Popes 

The hopes of union prove delusive 

1408 Seven of Gregory XII's Cardinals appeal against him.

France and other Powers disown Benedict XIII

Benedict XIII's Cardinals join those who deserted Gregory XII

They convene a Council at Pisa

1409 The Council assembles - its want of Canonical authority 

True doctrine of the primacy of St. Peter 

General Councils must be convened by the Pope

The primacy of the Pope and unity of the Church disputed 

Erroneous views on the jurisdiction of the Pope and the Episcopate 

Mistaken views on Infallibility

Belief in the Divine right of the primacy seriously shaken

Zabarella holds that a General Council is superior to the Pope 

King Rupert's Ambassadors at the Council of Pisa 

The Council condemns and deposes both Popes

Election of another Anti-Pope, Alexander V

Increased confusion - a second Schism created 

1410 Death of Alexander V, and election of John XXIII

Intervention of the King of the Romans hoped for 

False doctrines as to the jurisdiction of a General Council 

Sigismund summons the Council of Constance - its composition 

John XXIII's object in consenting to its convocation 

The Council's hostility to him

1415 His proposals of surrender and flight from the Council

The Council decrees its supremacy over the Pope 

Its subversive and irregular proceedings 

1415 (May loth) John XXIII is tried by the Council and deposed 

1415 (July 4th) Gregory XII in the interests of the Church decides to abdicate 

He convenes the Council and thereby, renders it legitimate

Flight of Benedict XIII.- the Holy See declared vacant

1417 Gratitude of the Council to Gregory XII—his death

Hostile feeling in the Council towards the Cardinals

Conflicting of interests and division in the Council

Its failure due to its composition and mode of procedure

Division in regard to reform, and the election of a new Pope

The Bishop of Winchester effects a compromise

1417 The great Schism ended by the election of Martin V

Cause of the postponement of ecclesiastical reform

The Pope determines to take up his residence in Rome 

His meeting with the Anti-Pope John XXIII

1417 (March 6th) His agreement with Queen Joanna of Naples 

The Neapolitan troops evacuate Rome 

1420 Martin V. enters Rome - deplorable condition of the city 

Ruin of its churches and artistic monuments

The Pope devotes himself to the work of restoration 

And to the re-establishment of public security 

He restores St. Peter's and St. John Lateran.

Enlists the services of the most celebrated painters

Lends encouragement to art 

Labours to promote prosperity and order 

Brigandage banished from the States of the Church

Their transformation into a united monarchy 

Consolidation and growth of the Papal power .

Submission of various cities to the Pope 

Reasons which led him to favour the Colonna 

His excessive partiality towards them causes jealousy

His zeal against heretics, and for the reform of the clergy

He causes the body of St. Monica to be brought to Rome

Contrasts St. Augustine with the Heathen philosophers

Promotes devotion to the Most Holy Sacrament

1424 St. Bernardine of Siena visits Rome 

The marvellous effect of his preaching 

St. Frances of Rome and her companions 

Congregation of the "Oblates of St. Alary" founded 

1425 The King of France restores the rights of the Pope 

Abolition of anti-papal legislation in England 

Martin V zealously maintains the rights of the Church

1428 He summons a General Council to meet at Pavia 

The Council proving hostile, he dissolves it 

Reform of religious affairs indefinitely postponed

Exactions in Rome under pretext of ecclesiastical fees

International character of the Papal Court 

Immense number of foreigners in the service of the Pope

The Germans greatly favoured by the Popes 

The influence of the German nation on the Papacy 

The intercourse between Rome and foreign nations 

Pilgrims to Rome—national foundations for their reception

Origin of the Hostelry of Our Lady at Campo Santo .

The founders of the Hospice of Sta. Maria Dell'Anima

Some other German foundations in the Eternal City 

Charitable institutions of other nations in Rome

Erection of a house for Irish priests and a hospice for

English Pilgrims 

Foundation of National Churches connected with the Hospices 

Rome thus becomes the home of all nations 

Adherents of the Renaissance in the Papal Service 

Effect of the Councils of Constance and Basle on the movement

Poggio discovers MSS. copies of the classics 

Becomes Papal Secretary- his ridicule of the clergy 

Ribaldry of Poggio and his literary companions

Their varied talents cause them to be employed

Composition and number of the College of Cardinals

Limit imposed by the Council of Constance 

Small number of creations made by Martin V

He issues regulations for the reform of the Sacred College

Displays excessive rigour towards the Cardinals

Honoured by his selection of those created by him

Great learning and austerity of Cardinal Cesarini

His relations to the revival of classical learning 

Cardinal Albergati's connection with the Humanists 

How Cardinal Correr disposed of the revenues of his benefices 

The influence of such men in the Councils of the Pope

Cardinal Giordano Orsini promotes literature and art

Bequeaths his literary treasures to the public use

Martin V's efforts to restore Catholic Unity in Spain

Open hostility displayed by the King of Aragon

King Alfonso summoned to Rome

His submission to the Pope - and end of the Schism

 Martin V endeavours to extirpate the Bohemian heresy

Failure of the crusade against the Hussites

The Kings of England and France demand a Council

Martin V's dread of the Council - defers summoning it

He yields to the pressure - summons the Council of Basle

1431 Dies before it assembles - Election of Eugenius IV

The Pope submits to the curtailment of his authority

Eugenius IV's majestic presence and austere habits

The sanctity of his life - veneration in which he was held

Violence of his measures against the House of Colonna

1431 The Council of Basle assembles and is dissolved

It ignores the Bull of dissolution

Reasserts the Council's supremacy over the Pope 

1432 The Pope and his Cardinals summoned before the Council 

The extreme action of the Council inexcusable 

Consequences, if its decrees had prevailed 

1433 The Pope recalls the decree dissolving the Council

Conspiracies against him—invasion of the Papal States

Flight of the Pope—he yields to the demands of the Council 

1434 Revolution in Rome, proclamation of a republic

The Pope's palace and the Vatican plundered by the populace

End of the republic - the Papal authority restored 

Vitelleschi's relentless action against the rebels 

And against the Houses of Savelli and Colonna 

His military enterprises in Naples and in the Papal States

1440 Is entrapped on the Bridge of St. Angelo and put to death

The circumstances of that event are uncertain

Cardinal Scarampo appointed to succeed him

Relations of Eugenius IV to the Renaissance

Flavio Biondo's description of the city of Rome

His testimony to the Pope's zeal for restoration

Great number of Humanists in the Papal Service 

The Pope declines Valla's services

Relations between the Christian and heathen Humanists

The Council of Basle attacks the Church's constitution

The Pope appeals to the European Powers against it 

Negotiations for union with the Greek schismatics

Conflict at Basle as to meeting place of the Union Council

The Greeks join the Papal party and Ferrara is selected

1437 The Basle Synod summons the Pope to appear before it

(July 18th) He issues a Bull suspending its deliberations

Its most distinguished members withdraw 

1438 The Council of Ferrara. End of the Greek Schism

General rejoicings throughout Christendom 

Importance of its bearing on the Pope's Jurisdiction 

He is decreed to be the Father and Teacher of all Christians

Influence on literature of the intercourse with the Greeks

Some distinguished representatives of Eastern culture

Bessarion as an ecclesiastic and a scholar 

 1443 Response to tha appeal—defeat of the Turks 

A ten years' truce concluded with them 

1444 The truce is broken - defeat of Christian army at Varna

1439 The Council of Basle deposes Eugenius IV—election of Felix V

Reaction produced by the violent measures of the Council

Treaty between Alfonso of Aragon and the Pope

1443 The Pope's ten years' exile ended—his return to Rome

Dilapidated condition of the Eternal City 

Scotland acknowledges the authority of Eugenius IV

Francesco Sforza again makes war on the Papal States

The Pope triumphs over the Council of Basle

Attitude of France and Germany towards the Council

The Diet of Mayence and the Pragmatic  Sanction of  Bourges

Germany divided between the Pope and the Council

The Pope secures the adhesion of Frederick III - deposition of two Archbishops 

The German Electors demand Papal recognition of the Basle decrees 

1446 Assembly and composition of the Diet of Frankfort

EneasSylvius procures a reaction favourable to the Pope

His career - he becomes Secretary to Cardinal Capranica

His employment and companions at the Synod of Basle

He breaks with the Council - enters the service of Frederick III

Determines to reform his life - and becomes a Priest 

His interview with the Pope begging his forgiveness 

Breaks up the league of German Electors and gains allies for the Pope 

Speaks for the German envoys to Eugenius IV

Conditions of agreement between Germany and the Pope

1447 The cause of the Synod of Basle lost—death of Eugenius IV

His character - results of his pontificate 

Successful defence of the Monarchical Constitution of the Church 

His care of the poor, and interest in benevolent  undertakings 

The " Visita Graziosa" originated in his reign 

Unjustly censured in regard to the Church's reform

Reform to be enduring must be systematic and gradual

Eugenius IV steadily pursued the reform of the clergy

His relation to art and the Renaissance 

His restoration of churches and public buildings

Heathenism reflected in Renaissance Art and literature

Employment of Fra Angelico in the decoration of the Vatican